Work Life Balance in Economic downturn

Question: Compose an article on work life balance in financial downturn. Answer: Presentation The report targets examining one of the most significant ideas that is being by a large number of associations today. The idea is known as adaptability. The report targets contemplating the distinctions that may have ejected in the idea as the associations have advanced after some time since certain individuals accept that adaptability has lost its unique reason. The report additionally talks about the impact that long working hours can have on the general execution of the representatives and in what capacity can an association guarantee work life balance when it is experiencing a time of monetary downturns. Adaptability The current day business associations are contending in a mind boggling business condition where the opposition among firms have arrived at a worldwide level is still on the ascent as an ever increasing number of nations are executing globalization. In this period of globalizations, organizations can't answer upon items, administrations, providers, wholesalers, forms, flexibly chain the board frameworks, and so forth to pick up showcase skills as every one of them can be effortlessly copied inside a limited ability to focus time. The main assets that can give advertise capabilities in the current day world are the HR that an association holds (Why is Human Resources Important? | Importance of a HR Department | TriNet, n.d.). In this way, it is significant for the business associations to take care of their HR and make fundamental strides that would help in the improvement of the human asset with the goal that they become progressively gainful and productive in the neck to neck showca se rivalry. Adaptability is one of the most significant techniques that the associations are actualizing today to give a superior workplace to their representatives. Adaptability at work environment helps the businesses and the representatives to make game plans in working conditions that are reasonable to both the gatherings. The fundamental thought behind work environment adaptability is that it gives the businesses a way to deal with cut down working costs, increment profitability and productivity while it permits the representatives to keep up a superior harmony between their work and individual lives (Flexibility in the working environment Employee privileges Fair Work Ombudsman, n.d.). A portion of the benefits of working environment adaptability are talked about beneath: It helps in expanding the authoritative responsibility and devotion among the workers. It helps in expanding the personal satisfaction of the business just as of the representatives. The greatest bit of leeway of adaptability is that it helps in expanding profitability, productivity and occupation fulfillment among the representatives. Working environment adaptability is in extraordinary interest today and even the private company associations are being undermined because of the nonattendance of this idea. The representatives presently request a more prominent harmony between their work and individual life if the organization needs them to show more noteworthy profitability and proficiency in light of the fact that the vast majority of the occasions, the family conditions, issues and weights hugy affect their exhibitions and they can't adapt up on the off chance that they can't keep up a harmony between their work and life. Representatives have themselves announced in various explores that they will in general be increasingly gainful and occupied with the work when they are given better viewpoints to deal with their work life balance. Adaptability in work environment has additionally indicated positive outcomes identified with mental and physical wellbeing. Scientists have additionally reasoned that adaptability ca n help in diminishing the degrees of worry among the workers (WHY EMPLOYEES NEED FLEXIBILITY, n.d.). Work environment adaptability is a generally excellent idea that has various advantages. The idea has improved the workplace for the representatives and they are getting progressively happy with their occupations. In organizations that don't have adaptability alternatives, a large portion of the representatives are unsatisfied and have the most extreme inclination to find employment elsewhere and scan for associations that offer them more noteworthy adaptability (A Revolutionary Change: Making the Workplace More Flexible | Solutions, 2011). The contention made by Juliet Bourke isn't proper as adaptability is as yet perhaps the best procedure to adapt up to awkward nature between the work and individual existences of the representatives. There are a large number of organizations that have executed working environment adaptability while the others are intending to actualize it sooner rather than later. As indicated by Juliet Bourke, the idea of adaptability has lost its ideal models si nce now it requests lower number of representatives to accomplish more noteworthy destinations yet this is really false. On the off chance that the circumstance is considered basically, the representatives who are given adaptable work hours have been secured to have more prominent position fulfillment, work commitment, work duty and authoritative responsibility, which clearly imply that they are prepared to accomplish higher goals for the association. Whenever viewed from another point, it tends to be said that work environment adaptability can be very hard for certain organizations to be actualized in their work environments. It is these organizations that can't adapt up to the adaptability procedure as the terms and states of the system may put extra weight on some ranking directors however from a general point of view, adaptability is as yet perhaps the best technique and has the ideal abilities to help the administration in accomplishing higher proficiency, profitability, worker consistency standard and occupation fulfillment among the representatives. Ramifications of long working hours on representatives Long working hours can be gainful for the representatives and the businesses as it helps in making up for sudden changes and nonattendance of human asset without employing additional human asset. Be that as it may, the negative parts of long working hours, on the representatives, far exceed the advantages of long working hours. In spite of the fact that numerous representatives discover additional time filling in as a decent chance, the scientists have presumed that there can be various negative impacts of long working hours on the representatives. A portion of the negative impacts are examined underneath: Increment in wellbeing related issues various logical examinations have discovered a positive connection between medical issues and long working hours. A portion of the medical issues identified with long working hours are: Injury in the lower back because of overwhelming physical work More severe hypertensions in individuals performing office employments An expansion in the issues identified with psychological well-being Diminished birth weight and gestational age in ladies Increment in liquor utilization among men Increment in the paces of suicides Further examinations have additionally discovered that individuals who work for more than 50-60 hours in seven days have serious family clashes, which eventually prompts divorces, decreased psychological wellness and liquor issues. A Canadian report has additionally reasoned that long work hours can cause undesirable weight gain in men while the ladies can encounter misery (5 Negative Effects of High Overtime Levels, 2016). Diminished profitability a few chiefs may imagine that they would have the option to accomplish an expansion in the general efficiency on the off chance that they can figure out how to make the representatives work for longer hours, which is really false. Studies and reports have reasoned that the profitability in associations can languish if the laborers work over longer hours. In cubicle occupations, the profitability was found to diminish by 25% if the representatives were made to work for at least 60 hours in a solitary week. In a portion of the cases, the scientists have watched weakness among the representatives since they become too drained in light of the physical and mental endeavors that they need to place in while working for such extended periods of time. Further, by giving more opportunity to the representatives to achieve a specific bit of work, the association winds up hindering the work rate and thus, the efficiency of the association diminishes. On the off chance tha t the representatives can't keep up an appropriate harmony between their work life and their own lives, they may begin to give indications of presenteeism which implies that the workers stay at work genuinely however their psyche isn't focusing at work and is thinking somewhere else. Expanded non-attendance an expansion in the working hours can build the truancy in a business association. At the point when individuals need to work for longer hours than they can agree to, they experience unforeseen weakness, weariness, or they straightforward want to take a break from their frenzied work routines. Thus, they begin to take longer leavers and the truancy in the association increments. Further, to make up for the representatives on leave, the organization needs to either employ new staff or needs to depend upon its old staff to stay at work longer than required and assume liability of crafted by the individuals who are missing from the association. This makes the difficult self-propagating. Further, increment in working hours can likewise cause different issues, for example, loss of worker confidence, low efficiency, high turnover, higher truancy and work issues. Increment in the turnover rates with significant levels of non-attendance winning in the association, it is very evident that the turnover rates would likewise move up. The absence of work life equalization and experience of weakness because of long working hours would clearly decline up the situation. Therefore, the turnover paces of an association increment. Turnover rates are found to increment just in those associations where they approach the representatives to work for longer lengths without furnishing them with any remuneration for the additional endeavors that they put in (5 Negative Effects of High Overtime Levels, 2016). Slowed down work another impediment of additional time working hours is that the representatives who stay at work longer than required are commonly paid for the additional endeavors that they put in and to augment their income, they may slow down their work during the ordinary work day and make asserts that they would require ex

Photographic portraiture Essay Example For Students

Photographic likeness Essay - Recent and Current Trends and Influences in Portrait Photography-Many picture takers in the past have had dynamic professions that have affected numerous best in class picture takers and will for a considerable length of time to come. Since their work at the time has been protected in uplifting and creative pictures of their times rock legends and social symbols, likenesses yet movements can been seen through a correlation of photographic artists, for example, David Bailey, Anne Liebovitz and Rankin one of todays most talked picture takers. David Baileys profession was at a high between the long periods of 1957 and 1969 and was generally well known for his striking high contrast pictures of symbols including John lennon and Paul McCartney; Mick Jagger, Jean Shrimpton and the Kray Twins. As of now Bailey was making a progressive movement to 35mm cameras toward the start of the 60s. The SLR camera Bailey bought in 61 permitted him the adaptability to release up the design sort. For instance on of his initial style goes for Vogue Young thought goes west highlighted Jean Shrimpton in the tumultuous urban condition of New York. These photos encapsulated another road authenticity and denoted an intense takeoff from the Static officially presented design and picture photography of the earlier decade. Baileys mapping of the 60s was set apart by two assortments of representations; David Baileys Box of Pin-ups in 1965 and Goodbye Baby and Amen in 1969. Ground-breaking pictures of artists including Mick Jagger, Lennon and McCartne y mirror the height of these 60s media saints in these volumes. Also, on-screen characters, for example, Michael Caine and Marianne Faithful. Alongside models Jean Shrimpton and Sue Murray. Baileys pictures are described by close editing, solid lighting and regularly obvious, exposed foundations; which have given them an emotional and suffering power. With the vast majority of his models Bailey had a nearby compatibility that carried a specific degree of closeness to his photos, which was novel among his peers. A few instances of his work can be seen on page six. In these models you can plainly observe Baileys basic yet unmistakable style, the two little photos of Michael Caine and Mick Jagger obviously show that Bailey has lit the subject with it is possible that a couple softboxes from the front or 45 degrees and has likewise lit the foundation emphatically to permit the model to stand apart more obviously from the foundation. Baileys photos appear to be very differentiating and h e utilizes very cruel side lighting on Micheal Caine it causes the character to seem, by all accounts, to be extremely solid and undermining which may have been Baileys aim. Bailey stays still as dynamic as could be and has proceeding with significance as a picture photographic artist obvious in his contemporary photos of Naomi Campbell, Amber Valetta, Johnny Depp and Ralph Fiennes. Anne Liebovitz whose vocation must be famous for her work for Rolling Stones magazine was spread during the time of 1970 to 1990, and the same Bailey she had a nearby compatibility with a significant number of her models and regularly found them in characteristic napping minutes. Her pictures were totally different from her counterparts, she infrequently utilized studio set-ups and in any event, when she did they were not at all like and normal representations. Anne attempted to catch a side of the superstars and symbols that had never been seen and frequently made a dreamlike looking second. Her style w as totally different from Baileys, rather than close editing and unmistakable foundations which was an all around utilized procedure in Baileys studios; she would give each demonstrate an alternate character and look to what the open eye knew about. A significant number of her photos utilize the body just as the face as a methods for appearance, which is bizarre for a portraitist. One of her pictures, which speak to the time quite well, is one of Arnold Schwarzenegger taken in 1979. It is a magnificent portrayal of the hard and fast fixation on self-upkeep and exercise center lunacy that occurred in the eighties. Conversely its so extraordinary to the pictures wherein all you find in a body covering that most people appear to require. Annes pictures speak to individuals identifying with one another in a non-guarded way; this is just conceivable as a result of the cozy connections she has with her models. Perhaps the best case of her work is the last representation of John Lennon and Yoko Ono. This speaks to the cozy relationship she had the option to work with her models and furthermore utilizing the fetal position gives her utilization of the human body as a methods for articulation, this representation is extremely solid graphically but then sincerely it makes an incredible picture without anyone else. In a large number of her representations a portion of her hardware can be seen, for instance: lighting, stands, settings she causes the shoots to appear to be easygoing and manage. Numerous picture takers have attempted to import this style in to their work. Anne utilizes the environmental factors in her representations to speak to a side of her models profession or character that has never been seen. Her subjects go from being on visit with the Rolling Stones to pictures of Bette Midler, Liberace, on-screen character Amanda Plummer, Clint Eastwood and Bruce Springsteen. What's more, as of late was the picture taker mentioned to visit with uber bunch Oasis. Conceptual Paragraph EssayA similarity can be found in the entirety of the discussed picture takers work chiefly on the grounds that they were and are especially in the awesome scene! Particularly Anne Liebovitz and David Bailey, in spite of the fact that they worked in an unexpected way. David Bailey the same Rankin utilizes straightforward sets and lighting methods where as then again; Liebovitz may appear to utilize basic lighting and studio set-ups. Everything is deliberately positioned and lit, and she is known for her muddled lighting strategies, some may state she is a stickler or possibly an over the top. Every one of these picture takers I have discussed are solid and autonomous characters every one of which doesn't search for endorsement or acclaim from their work. They are on close to home missions and excursions to perceive how far their brain will extend in to the new and never done. Book reference: www. Rankin.co.uk, Amateur Photography magazine Photographs Anne Liebovitz 1970 to 1990 National Museum of Photography, film and TV

Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder

Substance/Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder Addiction Coping and Recovery Print Substance/Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on May 17, 2019 istockphoto More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Substance or medication-induced sleep disorder is the official diagnostic name for insomnia and other sleep problems which are caused by the use of alcohol, drugs, or taking certain medications. Roughly translated, that means that one of the effects of drinking alcohol, using a drug, or taking a medication, is having a problem with getting to sleep at the time you want to sleep, staying asleep at the time you want to sleep, excessive sleepiness during the day, or unusual behaviors when you do sleep. Substance or medication-induced sleep disorder is different from the occasional difficulty with getting to sleep or staying asleep that is actually quite normal. It is also different from the temporary insomnia or exhaustion that often affects people straight after alcohol or drug use, which is a normal response to the substance, or the activities of people who use alcohol or drugs, such as staying up later than your usual bedtime or participating in tiring activities during the time that alcohol or drugs are used (such as dancing). In contrast to these normal responses to alcohol or drugs, substance/medication-induced sleep disorder interferes with sleep more significantly, and the negative effects last for much longer. Which Drugs Cause Substance/Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder? A wide variety of psychoactive substances can cause substance-induced sleep disorder, including: AlcoholCaffeineCannabisOpioidsSedativesHypnoticsAnxiolyticsAmphetaminesCocaineTobaccoOther substances or stimulants Medications are known to cause substance/medication-induced sleep disorders include: Adrenergic agonist or antagonistsDopamine agonist or antagonistsCholinergic agonist or antagonistsSerotonergic agonist or antagonistsAntihistaminesCorticosteroids The Chronic Cycle of Substance Use and Sleep Problems Many people find that alcohol and some other drugs have a relaxing effect, and, at least in the beginning, that a drink, joint, or dose of a tranquilizer or opiate can help them sleep. Others find caffeine or other stimulant drugs can help them stay awake for long periods when they need to stay alert but would otherwise be sleepy. For some people who regularly drink alcohol or take recreational drugs or medications, a chronic cycle can develop, of drinking or taking a drug or medication to attempt to relax and unwind or to get to sleep or stay asleep, or the opposite, to stay awake during long shifts or all-night parties.  The drug interferes with the body’s natural processes of activation and relaxation, making it harder to fall asleep. The person is then more likely to use a substance again, to help with sleep, possibly needing more of the drug to take effect as tolerance develops. However, this doesn’t work for long. While alcohol and other relaxing drugs may help you  get to sleep initially, the sleep is not restorative or restful, and you may be surprised to also experience wakefulness during the night. This is typically followed by periods of sleeplessness, fatigue, exhaustion, and uncontrollable feelings of tiredness and sleepiness during waking hours. Frustrated, many people who experience these issues often turn to caffeine and other stimulants to combat daytime fatigue, which in turn makes it harder to fall asleep at bedtime. Types of Substance/Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder There are four main types of substance-induced sleep disorder: Insomnia type: With the insomnia type of sleep disorder, you may have difficulty falling sleep or staying asleep, wake up a lot during the night, or not feel rested from sleep.Daytime sleepiness type: With the daytime sleepiness type of sleep disorder, the person feels excessively sleepy or tired during the daytime, or, less often, sleeps for a very long time, perhaps longer than they wanted or intended to.Parasomnia type: With the parasomnia type of sleep disorder, you can experience abnormal behaviors during sleep, a time when most of us remain fairly still and quiet while asleep in bed (except for possible snoring).Mixed type: With the mixed type of sleep disorder, the person affected has several different sleep symptoms, but no particular symptom predominates. They may have periods of insomnia at night, coupled with sleepiness during the day, for example. How Soon After Taking the Drug Can a Sleep Disorder Be Induced? In some cases, a sleep disorder can be induced almost immediately after taking a drug or medication. According to diagnostic guidelines for physicians and other healthcare professionals who assess sleep disorders, there is even a category with onset during intoxication, which means that the sleep disturbance actually begins when the individual was under the influence of alcohol, a recreational drug, or medication. It can also occur during withdrawal. Sleep problems are a very common withdrawal symptom, and, like other withdrawal symptoms, will often resolve themselves within days or weeks of discontinuing alcohol, drugs, or medications. So time is needed to determine whether sleep problems are simply a symptom of withdrawal, which becomes clear if the persons sleep improves within a few days or weeks of ceasing to take the drug. In contrast, with a substance-induced sleep disorder, problems with sleep can start during withdrawal, and continue or get worse as the person moves through the detox process, and into the post-withdrawal phase of recovery. Sometimes, sleep problems are part of a larger cluster of longer-term withdrawal symptoms, known as post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS). What If  You Had Sleep Problems Before Using Alcohol, Drugs, or Medications? When physicians or other healthcare professional give a diagnosis of substance/medication-induced sleep disorder, they check to make sure that the sleep problem wasnt there before the use of alcohol, drugs, or medications thought to be responsible. This is because there are different types of sleep problems, and if the symptoms were there before the substance use, it isnt the substance or medication-induced type of sleep disorder. Generally, the diagnosis of substance/medication-induced sleep disorder isnt given to people who have a history of sleep problems without substance use, or if the symptoms continue for more than a month after the person becomes abstinent from the alcohol, drugs or medication. This does not mean that their sleep problems are not real or serious; it simply means that they are not considered to have been caused by substance use. As noted earlier, there are many different causes of sleep disorders, and most can be improved by lifestyle changes in addition to reducing or eliminating alcohol, drugs, or medications with side effects that interfere with normal sleep patterns. Distress or Impact on Life Finally, for the diagnosis of substance/medication-induced sleep disorder to be given, there has to be some sort of significant impact that the sleep problem is having on the persons life, either by causing a great deal of distress or by impairing some aspect of their life. This can include anything from their social life to their employment situation, or another part of their life that is important to them. Becoming Aware of Your Sleep Problem It can take months or even years to become aware of a substance- or medication-induced sleep disorder. As drugs tend to affect feelings of alertness and relaxation, people expect their sleep to be affected to some extent and anticipate a rebound effect afterward. Then, it can seem like just a series of bad nights, rather than a disorder that is not going away on its own. The irony of substance-induced sleep disorder is that many people affected by it drink, take drugs, or use medications to try and get to sleep, yet those same drugs actually interfere with getting a good nights sleep afterward. For this reason, people often dont realize that it is alcohol, drugs or medications that are causing the sleep problems, because they associate those substances with inducing sleep. Sleep problems can have many different causes, ranging from stress to the normal effects of aging. Therefore, physicians might not realize the true nature of the problem, because many people are not open with their physician about alcohol or drug use, due to stigma and fear of being judged. They may also lie about how much of a prescription medication or over the counter medication they are using, for fear of being cut off from their supply of medication. People who do admit to alcohol and drug use will also often underestimate or under-report the amount of alcohol or drugs they are using. All of these factors make it quite common for people to not get the right diagnosis of substance/medication-induced sleep disorder. A Word From Verywell Once you become aware of your sleep problem and what is causing it, it is important to get professional help to manage the transition back to healthy sleep patterns. Talk to your doctor about being referred to an addiction medicine or sleep specialist. If you are using alcohol, opioids, meth, or benzodiazepines, it is important to get proper medical support during the withdrawal process. Not only will this make it more comfortable, with fewer symptoms, but these substances can lead to  severe withdrawal symptoms like seizures or psychosis that can be life-threatening without medical supervision. Once you have discontinued the drug that caused your sleep problems, your sleep patterns will take time to return to normal. Be patient. The best ways to support this process are: Setting and sticking to regular sleep and waking up timesEngaging in regular exercise during the dayGetting outside in the morning, which helps to reset your body clockAvoiding stressGood nutrition, without going to bed overly hungry or full

Correlation Between Higher Dispositional Mindfulness

2014) . In fact, fMRI studies of brains of experienced meditators have shown decreased activity in the PCC, especially compared to those of the beginners (Brewer Garrison, 2014). Further studies point to changes in the amygdala and caudate volumes. Studying MRI images, Taren, Creswell, and Gianaros (2013) conducted a volumetric analysis which revealed a correlation between higher dispositional mindfulness and decreased gray matter volume in the right amygdala and the left caudate. Since amygdala is known to regulate central stress responses, the decrease in its volume in mindful individuals could signify the effect of such intervention in managing and reducing anxiety (Taren et al., 2013). Moreover, as suggested by Taren et al. (2013), the right amygdala might be involved in regulating immediate aggregate responses whereas the left amygdala is in charge of processing affect-related language, which suggests that mindfulness could affect each hemisphere differently. Similarly, the caudate has been associated with processing negative effect, neural reactions to sadness, and reward response, pointing out that mindfulness might alter caudate’s response to negative emotional experiences and hence cause the reduction its volume. Other studies available discuss the hormones and neurotransmitters involved in the process of mindfulness meditation. For example, through neuroimaging studies Newberg and Iversen (2003) have been able to identify the activation of attention network,Show MoreRelatedThe Definition Of Psychological Well Being Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagessuch as gender, age, marital status and economic conditions. 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The Power of Positive Psychology: A Rich and Meaningful Life Even though Positive Psychology only emerged in the last ten years, it is a promising branch in the fieldRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages#2: It is consistent with proven principles of effective teaching and learning. A seasoned university professor advised a young colleague, â€Å"If your students aren’t learning, you’re not teaching—you’re just talking!† Here’s what some authorities on higher education have to say about how effective teachers foster learning: â€Å"All genuine learning is active, not passive. It is a process of discovery in which the student is the main agent, not the teacher.† (Adler, 1982) â€Å"Learning is not a spectator sport

America Needs More Cloning Essay examples - 1350 Words

America Needs More Cloning Each day there are numerous automobile accidents on highways. Many people are critically injured, but sadly, it is often easier to repair the automobile. It can be fixed using spare parts. Human drivers and passengers do not have that luxury (Mooney and Mikos, 1999). In this situation, cloning could help. There has been much debate on the issue of cloning, ever since the famous sheep, Dolly, was cloned from a mammary cell. Since that first development of cloning, there have been many forays into the realm of using clones for the advancement of medicine. The fact is, cloning has the potential to have a very big positive impact on society. The main opposition to cloning of any kind is by†¦show more content†¦But, unfortunately, human donors are required. In most cases, in order for a vital organ to become available, another life must end. Even at this great cost, this is still not the best solution. Transplants could be rejected or not function well. Animal donors have also been explored, but these also may not function and they may add the risk of certain diseases (Highfield). Cloned organs require that no life be taken. Rejection is reduced, because the receiver can also be the donor of the tissue. There are two methods of cloning organs. One is by injecting a growth factor into the wound site, causing the patients own cells to migrate and regenerate. The other method is to harvest donor cells and pack them into a three-dimensional polymer scaffold, which is molded into the desired shape. These cells replicate and then can be transplanted into a recipient. The polymer breaks down as the cells form into the shape desired. These organs are called neo-organs. While this may sound like something straight out of a science fiction film, like Dolly, neo-organs are already a reality. All over the United States, grown skin is being used to treat everything from burn victims to skin cancer patients. Also, machines containing cloned liver cells are being used to filter blood until a transplant can be found. Cartilage, because of its relatively simple structure, seems likely to be the next step. Larger organs will takeShow MoreRelatedCloning, The, And False Interpretations Of C loning1424 Words   |  6 PagesCloning, an ethical issue that has been pressed across the globe, has become a substantial debate throughout a majority of nations. The incorporation of a new type of reproduction in the United States has a plentiful amount of benefits for certain animals and objects, but duplicates of humans is hard to comprehend for many people across America. Currently, cloning is an interesting topic that could become a new way to improve reproduction of animals and humans, prevent diseases, and increase theRead MoreHuman Cloning: the Negative Effects on Society1587 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Cloning: The Negative Effects on Society Human cloning is possible but also dangerous to society. One day during an assembly in March 1977, a heated debate began over the topic of human cloning. Both sides were getting very involved in the argument. Suddenly a group of protestors stormed the stage. They were protesting human cloning while chanting, We shall not be cloned! During the protest the group held up a sign that said: We will create the perfect race Ââ€" Adolf Hitler (Lester andRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pageshuman cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babies a person or family can reproduce. The arguments that support cloning dependRead MoreThe Cloning Should Not Be Banned By The Human Body886 Words   |  4 Pages Cloning Dolly, the sheep in 1996 was a momentous moment in scientific history. Scientists removed the nucleus from one of Dolly s skin cells and engineered an egg to be insert with then nucleus. This egg could have fertilized in a mothers uterus. Following this discovery, mice, pigs and cattle have been cloned based on the same concept. In 2012, a group of scientists took cloning a step further and cloned human embryos. With great certainty, human cloning will be banned by the government dueRead MoreEssay about The Ethics of Human Cloning979 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ethics of Human Cloning In order to make a fully justified decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not, one must be exposed to the background of the subject. To start, a clone is an exact replica of an organism, cell, or gene. The process itself is done asexually with the use of a cell from the original human. It is then placed inside a female capable of bearing a child and is then born as a clone. Along with this comes questions of whether or not it is rightRead MoreThe Ethics Of Cloning894 Words   |  4 Pages The ethics of cloning Early in 1997, Scottish scientist Dr. Ian Wilmot revealed to the world that he had successfully cloned an adult sheep, Dolly. With this invention, the world made a aggregate astonishment at the realization that cloning was no longer an aspect of a Science Fiction movie. Since then, human cloning has become one of the most expressing divergent topics in the world, discussions began regarding the ethic consequence of human cloning. In several recent opponentsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning890 Words   |  4 Pages The ethics of cloning Early in 1997, Scottish scientist Dr. Ian Wilmot revealed to the world that he had successfully cloned an adult sheep, Dolly. With this invention, the world made a aggregate astonishment at the realization that cloning was no longer an aspect of a Science Fiction movie. Since then, human cloning has become one of the most expressing divergent topics in the world, discussions began regarding the ethic consequence of human cloning. In several recent opponents argue thatRead MoreEthical Issues Related to the Cloning Debate1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe act of cloning a human being comes dangerously close to human beings acting as God. Do human beings have the right to tamper with nature in this way? This essay explores the various ethical issues related to the cloning debate, and seeks answers to this deep philosophical question at the heart of bioethics. As a student of genetic biology and future biologist, this question also has personal relevance. Our science is evolving at a rap id pace. As human cloning becomes increasingly possible, itRead MoreCloning Endangered Species Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresentative of the United States of America. Instead of protecting the national emblem, â€Å"on July 4, 1976, the US Fish and Wildlife Service officially listed the bald eagle as a national endangered species† (History of†¦). The representation of the country’s freedom, strength, and beauty lies heavily on this bird; if it were to become an extinct species, what would that say for the United States? There is a very realistic and near-future solution: cloning. The topic of cloning, which has become a part of modern-dayRead MoreHuman Genetics962 Words   |  4 Pagespresents the idea that since human cloning is inevitable, an understanding of the psychological aspects of this development need to be addressed. The second article to review is found in the European Child Adolescent Psychiatry; it relates to the genetic link from a parent that has ADHD or ASD (autism spectrum disorder), to the high percentage that the child from that parent may also be diagnosed with one of those disorders. Psychological Aspects of Human Cloning Dr. Morales explains that because

The Ethics of Belief Free Essays

Argumentative Essay on â€Å"The Ethics of Belief† PHIL 2641 Online – Section 001 February 13, 2008 William K. Clifford sets out to show in â€Å"The Ethics of Belief† that â€Å"it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this paper, I will show that his argument lacks key definitions needed in order to found his inference upon and that it begs the question as to what qualifies as â€Å"insufficient† evidence. Furthermore, I will show that the primary issue is not the belief but the results of the belief that is important and that all judgment and interpretation should be based upon said results. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Belief or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clifford introduces his argument by using the example of a shipbuilder who allows his ship to be used on a transoceanic voyage despite its age and the supposed need for repair. The vessel sinks and Clifford asserts that the ship owner is guilty of the death of the passengers because his belief in the ship’s seaworthiness was unsupported and ill-founded. However, there are several problems with his conclusion. First, Clifford ignores the ship owner’s reliance on the vessel’s past sailing history as being sufficient evidence as to its stable condition. The fact that the vessel had made many a voyage without incident can be viewed as sufficient proof of its ability to set sail safely. This begs the question, â€Å"How can one determine what constitutes sufficient evidence? † The ship owner by relying on the history of the ship alone could have met his obligation. A second problem with Clifford’s argument is that he likely oversimplified the cause of the ship’s sinking. Perhaps the ship sank because there was a collision with another ship. Perhaps it sank because it struck an iceberg in the water. It may have sunk because of human error. In all of these scenarios no amount of fortification of the ship’s structure would have Argumentative Essay on â€Å"The Ethics of Belief† Page 2 of 3 prevented the demise of the voyage. Any one or combination of these causes could have been responsible for the ship’s fate, yet the ship’s age and need for repair is identified as the sole cause of the ship’s sinkage. Finally, Clifford fails to address the source of the ship owner’s doubt and therefore leaves a multitude of unanswered questions. If the question of right or wrong has to do with the origin of belief and whether or not one has the right to believe in the first place, then would the ship owner have been culpable had the doubts about the ship’s condition not been introduced? Is a person required to investigate EVERY doubt or question that is raised by another, which directly or indirectly impacts their belief? What if the source of doubt is unreliable? Without properly addressing these questions it is difficult to determine what the ship owner’s (or anyone else’s) responsibility was in the first place. This, I assert, is the fundamental problem with Clifford’s argument. To implicitly assume that one is guilty for simply believing without â€Å"sufficient† evidence can not be easily determined because the standards and thus the determination for â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† are too vague. The solution follows immediately. Since a person can have a different belief at any given point in time and there is no metric by which to determine the sufficiency of evidence upon which they are based, it is not the belief that is to be judged, but rather the action and the positive or negative impact upon society that results from it. Clifford’s primary concern was how beliefs impact humanity, and the impact can only be determined by assessing actions, not beliefs. Argumentative Essay on â€Å"The Ethics of Belief† Page 3 of 3 We can now see that Clifford’s uncogent argument is the result of a lack of clarity as to how one could determine whether or not given evidence was sufficient and the vagueness surrounding the definitions of â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong†. In its amended form, however, the argument is valid and can serve as a useful tool to determine and measure the overall impact beliefs have on society. My central argument is an inductive argument. Here are the premises and the conclusion: Premise 1: Premise 2: Conclusion: There are no clear metrics to measure the sufficiency of evidence from which a person’s beliefs are derived. Actions and their impacts on society are definite and measurable. Therefore, people should probably be judged based upon their actions and not their beliefs. My argument is cogent because my premises are true and it is improbable that my conclusion is false. Furthermore, no evidence which would have rendered a different conclusion has been ignored. How to cite The Ethics of Belief, Papers

Summarise the key factors that influence the health of children today free essay sample

There are plenty of factors that can influence childs development today, its important to be able to try and give your child all the main stuff like food, shelter, warmth etc. for them to develop and grow up correctly. One of the factors is Diet/exercise. Good nutrition and plenty of exercise are the building blocks for strong growth, healthy development and lifelong well-being for children. However many children today dont receive proper meals and the exercise that they need to grow up strong and healthy. Children that don’t receive proper meals (at least 3 meals a day) can be affected physically and mentally, they wont have the energy to do physical activities which then affects their exercise, and wont be able to function properly at school by being too tired because lack of food provides lack of energy for the body to function. Parents that have low income or cant provide for the child to have proper meals can apply or free school meals at school, and sign the child up for breakfast club as well. That way children will get their breakfast, snack, and dinner which should give them enough energy for the day at school. Once children receive the right amount of food and exercise they will be able to feel good about themselves/their bodies and their abilities, they will be able to cope with stress and emotions better, also they will avoid feelings of low self esteem, anxiety and depression. https://www. apa. org/topics/children/healthy-eating. aspx Another factor is genetics which influence the health and development of the child. This is because some illnesses are inherited through genes. For example Downs Syndrome, this has resulted from a chromosomal abnormality. The child can have problems such as heart defects and chest infections. Illnesses such as meningitis can cause epilepsy and hearing problems. These kind of illnesses must run in the family, and its a 50/50 chance that the child will be born with one of the genetic illnesses. http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Genetics/Pages/Facts. aspx Income is a big factor that can influence plenty of children today especially in poor areas of Britain. Parents that find it hard to provide and fulfil the needs of their children limit their development and achievements. Having low income will not only affect the childs eating, dressing and overall well being but also their education. Children that come from low income families, cant afford to go on school trips, buy better school equipment or new school uniform, therefore sometimes this might result in children getting bullied because children with more income will notice the less fortunate and will begin to pick on them. Its important for the teachers to treat all children the same no matter what their income is or if they cant afford certain things. Generally people with a high level of earning enjoy a better lifestyle, with better housing, better food, warm clothes and own transport Meggit C. (2001:9) http://www. jrf. org. uk/publications/does-money-affect-childrens-outcomes UnStable family is another important factor which might influence childrens health and well-being. Children that come from a broken home (their parents have separated or they live with their other family instead of parents) will find it hard to cope at school because they might get bullied for the simple reason that they dont live with both of their parents. For example, if a child isn’t able to live with both of their parents and lives with their grandparents or other family members because of certain reasons, other children at school might be curious and ask questions to why the child doesn’t live with their parents etc. young children don’t realise how cruel or nasty they might sound when they ask questions so without thinking about how the other child might feel, they ask what they want. Broken family can affect the childs emotional development especially at young age if the child used to live with both parents and then all of the sudden theyve separated because they didn’t get on, the child wont be able to understand why this has happened and might become depressed or very emotional. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171291/ Different countries also affect the way children live and develop especially countries such as Africa or Pakistan where they have different policies that enable access to basic services and rights for children. For example An uneducated teenage mother living in rural areas of Africa where there is no hospital nearby, without clean water, proper meals, shelter or little income will find it difficult to care for her child. The country that children live in can affect them big time, for example in Pakistan the children go to work at very young age so they don’t have time for education which will limit their chances of getting a better job in the future. They have to work long hours for little money that wont even get the food on their table. As well as this, children that live in rural countries are more immune to catch any dangerous diseases from dirty water or animals etc. http://www. unicef. org. uk/ E2. Describe how immunisation programmes aim to prevent disease in children. Immunisation is a way to protect small children against serious diseases. Once children have been immunised, their bodies can fight those diseases if they end up catching them. If a child is not immunised they will be at risk from catching the disease and will rely on other people immunising their children to avoid becoming infected. An immunisation programme protects people against specific diseases by reducing the number of people getting the disease and preventing it from being passes on. With some disease like smallpox or polio its possible to eliminate them completely. Reason for immunisation against disease. As a parent it might be hard to watch your baby get an injection, however vaccination is an important step toward getting your child protected from serious and dangerous diseases. Vaccinations are quick easy and extremely effective. Not every disease can be immunised against, disease such as chicken pox or scarlet fewer are two of many that children cant be immunised against. How are they carried out? Immunisations are usually carried out in childs health clinics. The doctor will discuss any fears the parent might have about particular vaccines. No vaccine is completely risk free, and parents are asked to sign a consent form to give permission for the immunisation. Immunisations are only given if the child is well, and might be postponed if the child has a reaction to any previous immunisations or if the child is taking any medicine that might interfere with their ability to fight infections. Care of children after immunisation. Children should be observed closely after immunisation: -if fever occurs, keep the child cool, offer plenty of fluids and give childrens paracetamol -if the temperature remains high or if there are any other symptoms, such as convulsion call a doctor immediately. Children are usually very sensitive after their vaccines, so its important to keep a very close eye on them all the time to make sure theyre fine and no symptoms occur. http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/vaccinations/Pages/reasons-to-have-your-child-vaccinated. aspx E3. Describe the signs and symptoms of the chosen childhood infectious disease. German Measles. What is it? Rubella, also known as German Measles is an infectious disease caused by the rubella virus. The virus passes from person to person via droplets in the air expelled when infected people cough or sneeze, the virus may also be present in the urine, face and on the skin. The hallmark symptom of rubella are an elevated body temperature and pink rash. German measles are contagious for 2-3 weeks. The disease starts a week before the rash develops and is contagious for a week after the rash has disappeared. Its most contagious while the rash is visible. Its important to keep your child off school for six days from the start of their rash. There is no specific treatment for the rubella infection. The condition is usually mild and improves without treatment. Although paracetamol or ibuprofen can be used to reduce the fever and treat any aches or pains. Liquid infant paracetamol can be used for young children. If the child has a high temperature, its important to keep the child cool by using a damp flannel, also making sure that the child has plenty of fluids to prevent the child from dehydration. Cough medicine can be used to help your child with their cough. If youre a woman and get infected with the rubella when youre pregnant it may lead to complications such as miscarriage or cause the baby to be born with serious birth defects. The birth defect can be cataracts and other eye problems, deafness, heart and lung problems, a less developed brain, low birth weight and inflammation of the brain, lungs, liver and bone marrow. http://www. netdoctor. co. uk/diseases/facts/germanmeasles. htm Meningitis. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges (protective membranes) that surround the brain and spinal cord. The infection causes the meninges to become inflamed (swollen) which in some cases can damage the nerves and brain. There are two types of meningitis: -Bacterial meningitis: which is caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitides or Streptococcus pneumonia and spread through close contact. -Viral meningitis: this is caused by viruses that can be spread through coughing, sneezing and poor hygiene. Viral meningitis is the most common and less serious type of meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is spread by: -sneezing -coughing -kissing -sharing utensils -sharing personal possessions such as a toothbrush. Symptoms. Bacterial meningitis. It has a number of early warning signs that usually occur before the other symptoms, these are: -floppy and unresponsive -cold hands and feet, shivering -pale or blotchy skins with blue lips. The early symptoms os bacterial meningitis are similar to those of many other conditions and include: -staring expressions -fever -vomiting and refusing feeds -unusual crying and becoming irritable (not wanting to be held) As the condition gets worse it may cause: -very sleepy, hard to wake up -seizures -unable to tolerate brightness -red rash Viral meningitis -vomiting -diarrhoea -fever -headaches -photo phobia How is it treated. As in the case of bacterial meningitis, vaccinations programmes have successfully eliminated the threat from many viruses that used to cause viral meningitis. This is the MMR vaccine which provides children with immunity against mumps, once a leading cause of viral meningitis. Viral meningitis usually gets better within couple of weeks, with plenty of rest and pain killers for the headache. Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics. These will be given intravenously (through a vein in arm) Treatment will require trips to the hospital with serve cases treated in an intensive care unit so the bodys vital functions can be supported. Bacterial meningitis can place tremendous strain on the body and the brain. It is estimated that the quoter of people with meningococcal disease (the combination on meningitis and blood poising) will have complications. COMMON CHILDHOOD INFECTIOUS DISEASES ILLNESSES. Complied by DCE group B 2013. http://www. meningitis. org/symptoms E4. Explain how the practitioner can respond to the particular needs of a child with the chosen infectious disease. Its important that support given to the child and family is family centred. This means that the childrens parents have a key role in making decisions about the sort of care their child receives, where the care takes place and how they can establish networks of supports. Professionals carers such as doctors, nursers, social workers and early years workers should recognise the needs of the child and the whole family and aim to meet those in an honest, caring and supportive manner. Care plans should be drawn up with the parents involvement, and should take account of the physical, emotional and social needs of the whole family. Whether you are working in a family home as a nanny, in a nursery or in a school, you should be informed of everything that goes on, so you are able to offer appropriate help. You can help by -offering practical and emotional support to the child and their family -developing a strong emotional bond with the child and provide a safe, trusting relationship which will help the child and the parents. There should always be a back up person in case the childs key person is away. -always finding time to listen to the child -observing the child closely and try to see if the child is experiencing any areas of difficulty. -allowing the child to express their feelings. Encourage children to use play as a form of therapy, to realise feelings of tension, frustration and sadness. You could offer activities such as playing with play dough, bubble blowing, water play, small world play and home corner play. -reassure them that they are very much loved by their family and their carers. Children who are ill often regardless and may want to play with toys that they have long since outgrown. They may have short attention span and tire quickly, so toys and materials should be changed frequently. A child with measles shouldn’t be present at the setting for at least 6 days because other children are at risk of catching the disease. On the other hand children that has meningitis should be also kept at home or in hospital for closer care. CACHE Level 3 Child care and Education Diploma written in July 2012. Published by Meggit C. Bruce T. Grenier J. E5 +E6 + C1. Describe one common long term childhood condition and explain the support available in an early years setting for parents and families caring for a child with this condition. Epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition of the nervous system affecting 150,000 children in the UK. Its not a mental illness and cant be caught of another child. A child with epilepsy experiences seizures of fits. A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain, causing a temporary disruption in the normal message passing between brain cells. A type of seizure a child has depends on which area of the brain is affected. Some seizures involve convulsions, or strange and confused behaviour, but others such as absences may be harder to recognise. Treatment. The aim of medical treatment is to control the childs tenancy to have seizures, so that they can get on with their life with as little seizures happening possible. Avoiding the things that disturb seizures and taking anti-epileptic drugs are the main treatment methods. Each anti-epileptic drug is selected to different kind of seizures that the child is experiencing. Even though the drugs help control seizures, there isn’t a cure that gets rid of it completely. Children with epilepsy should be treated as any other child. Epilepsy is not an illness and children should be encouraged to take part in all activities and daily routine, unless otherwise advised by the childs parents or doctor. Teachers and practitioners should be aware of the childs individual needs and what is best for them if they have a seizure, for example, what kind of seizure the child has, what starts it off, how long the seizure normally lasts, if the child needs any rest/sleep after the seizure or if they need to go home, is the child normally confused after the seizure, does the setting have a medical room where the child can recover, and is there a nursery nurse that can help the child in case there’s any additional help needed. The practitioner needs to make sure that all the details of any GPs or doctors the child has are up to date e. g. telephone number, address etc. in case they need to make contact with any other professionals. Also they should take a record of exactly what happened during the seizure, this will help to build up a picture of the childs condition. The parents should be called straight after any seizures, in case they want to come and pick the child up or come over and make sure their child is okay. Epilepsy can affect children in educational way due to children having them in settings. Children usually cant detect when theyre going to have a seizure, so if they have one while playing with another child, the other child might freak out and wont be able to understand whats going on. Practitioner should then explain to the other child what happened and make sure the other child is okay. Guidelines for helping a child who is experiencing a seizure. Do: -protect the child from injury by moving any furniture or other solid objects out of the way during a seizure -make space around the child and keep other children away -loosen the clothing around the childs neck and chest and cushion their head -stay with the child until the recovery is complete -be calmly reassuring Do not: -restrain the child in any way -try to put anything in their mouth -try to move them unless they are in danger -give the child anything to eat or drink until they are fully recovered -attempt to bring them around Call an ambulance if: -if its the childs first seizure and you do not know why it happened -it follows a blow to the head -the child is injured during the seizure -the seizure is continuous and shows no signs of stopping. CACHE Level 3 Child care and Education Diploma written in July 2012. Published by Meggit C. Bruce T. Grenier J. http://www. epilepsysociety. org. uk/about-epilepsy#. Uwnw7Pl_voA E6. The key person that the child has will be able to help a lot, not only emotionally but also physically and verbally. The key person will look after the child in the setting so if the child has a seizure the key person will know what to do. To help and make the childs life a little bit easier the key person should know what triggers the seizures and try and do everything to avoid these things, for example, if flicking lights set off the seizures, the key person would make sure there are no flicking lights in the room that theyre in. As well as the child, the key person is able to speak to their family and give out any verbal support if theyre struggling with their childs condition. If that’s not enough, the key person can transfer the family to health clinics or support groups so the family can get their questions answered if theyve got any, and can make their lives easier to live with this condition. Another source of help available is Epilepsy Society which is a group that helps children and families that suffer from epilepsy. This group helps with getting the right amount of stuff that the families are entitled to such as: free prescription to your epilepsy drugs, financial help towards the travel to your medical appointments and work/setting, welfare benefits and tax credits, also if the child needs any daily equipment the group offers to cover the costs. The entitlements that the child gets depends on how bad their epilepsy is and how they cope with it on the daily basis. http://www. epilepsysociety. org. uk/what-help-available#. Uwi8UPl_voA C1. Its important to work as a team to be able to support the child with a long term illness as well as his/hers family. By working as a team, youre able to share important information with other professionals such as the childs doctor, GPs, counsellor etc. as to how the child is getting on in the setting or at home and how you could improve their development. You need to keep in contact with the childs doctor to let them know if theres any changes that occurred or if the childs development has improved. Sharing information like this will help practitioners as well as the childs family and doctors be able to plan the next steps theyre going to take to help the child in the future. Another advantage to why working as a team is important because youre able to plan in order to help the childs development. For example, if a practitioner spoke to the childs doctor and the doctor advised them to make sure the child receives enough physical movement, the practitioner could plan an activity that will involve some physical movement and also can ask for advice from other team members about their chosen activity. This will help the childs development and how they get on in the setting. Holistic approach is important as well, if the practitioner is able to observe the child and identify what the child needs or what would help them get on in the setting easier, they can consider different approaches. For example, instead of using the same resources that they would normally use while carrying out a certain activity, the practitioner could see what other resources they can gather and use something new instead of the old things that the child can get bored of easily. Holistic approach means looking at the childs full development, their emotional, physical, verbal, mind etc. and being able to work on developing these aspects to help the child progress further. E7 +B1 Children aged 4 wont like to be separated from their parents or carers while going to the hospital thats why its important for the practitioners to prepare children before they go and make sure you know how they feel. One of the games the practitioner could carry out is a simple game like snap,uno, or happy families. This game is a good way for the practitioner to talk to the child and find out how they feel about the current situation. Once the child opens up about their feelings, the practitioner can reassure them and explain what will happen. Its important to reassure the children because of the fact that theyre only young they wont understand whats going on, and will only get the negative point of view. Another game that can be helpful is Jigsaw puzzles, the child can start with simple puzzles and progress to more challenging ones, perhaps with family help. Its important that not only the practitioner but also the family is able to prepare the child before they go into the hospital. The child will be more open and will trust the family more, so its important that the family is involved. As well as this, the family can be more reassuring and calming so the child doesn’t feel under pressure, or isn’t scared about whats going to happen. Its important that the child knows where they going and why. http://boardgamegeek. com/geeklist/17609/definitive-list-of-games-suitable-for-kids-4-years D1. Explain why it is important to identify and respond appropriatly when children are unwell. Its important to identify and respond to children when theyre unwell simply to show that you care. Children don’t understand what we do and why we do it, theyre too young to understand, but if as a practitioner youre able to gain their trust by showing that you care about them and giving them enough attention so they feel comfortable around you then youre able to progress and get on with the child easier. Its easy to identify if a child is unwell, every child is different therefore they will show their signs and symptoms differently, however you should know the child and how they normally would act and behave around the placement, so when theyre unwell youll be able to notice that something is wrong. For example, if there’s a child in the setting that normally is very bubbly and happy, and one day they come in and act out of character by sitting on their own, or not playing with toys etc. the practitioner is able to identify that theres something wrong so they could go and talk to them and find out what’s wrong. If the child is seriously ill its the childs right to get looked after properly, the practitioner should ask other professionals if theres certain things they should do. For example if a child is very sleepy and theyre not normally like this, the practitioner could ask other staff members if there’s anything in particular that they should do like put the child to sleep for a while or ring their parents to come pick them up etc.

Changing Flora and Fauna in the Canadian Arctic

A right of privacy in Australi essays

A right of privacy in Australi essays Megan Richardsons article mainly focuses on the validity of a privacy right and whether an Australian right of privacy has emerged. However, there are three uncertainties that pertain to privacy: Ø How will a privacy right be protected? Ø Will the benefits of a privacy right be shared among commercial entities? Ø Is there a relationship between privacy and freedom of speech? The law of confidence can adequately protect privacy rights but there has been several cases that seem to reinforce the validity of such a right and this has haunt the courts continuously over many years. However, the protection of privacy interests has recently been explained and examined in greater detail due to the European Convention on Human Rights. In the case of Douglas Vs Hello! Ltd, the right to be let alone was brought up as the core of a privacy right based on a general idea of personal autonomy. The case serves as a landmark case to open the floodgates for the development of a right to privacy in the Australian jurisprudence. In the light of identifying personal autonomy as the basis of any privacy right, it is fundamental to determine why personal autonomy is important. There are two philosophical explanations brought up in the article, namely the Kantian idea and John Stuart Mills idea. The Kantian argument is clear and uncompromising. People are ends in themselves because they possess a rational will and this will manifest itself in decisions and actions and the respect due to the person requires autonomy. John Stuart Mills idea is more utilitarian. He feels that once people achieve a certain level of welfare and education, they flourish in an environment where free choice is possible. The importance of a person to have his own desires will produce positive changes. Both of these arguments are completely different but equally important in the development ...

Happily Ever After Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Happily Ever After - Essay Example The marriage of Desdemona and Othello should have been a good match. Upon meeting Othello, Desdemona was immediately enthralled by his charisma and exotic qualities. Othello was also able to impress Desdemona’s father, which helped his cause considerably. In fact, he makes the claim that Desdemona’s â€Å"father loved me, oft invited me, / Still questioned me the story of my life / From year to year,† (I.iii.127–129) which shows that Desdemona wanted to marry him because of the person that he is. It could be argued, on the other hand, that Othello married Desdemona for his own status, as he wished to be included in the same social circle as her and her family. This was difficult for him to achieve, however, as he was always looked at as an outsider by society because of his African heritage. This led to problems in the marriage, as Othello always felt beneath Desdemona on some level. During this play, Othello is portrayed as a jealous character who lets nearly everything bother him to the point where he eventually begins to behave not as a noble, but rather as a commoner. One can start addressing Othello’s insecurities with the racial issues that he encounters during this play as a result of his African heritage. At the beginning of the play, Roderigo and Iago refer to Othello as â€Å"the Moor† (I,i,57) and also make reference to his â€Å"thick-lips† (I,i,66). Even though Othello is revered as a general, he is still thought of as a second-class citizen due to his race. Othello is very aware of his differences from the rest of the citizens of Venice and, therefore, he is very self-conscious about it. This is one of the reasons why he is so insecure about his relationship with Desdemona. Since the rest of society sees him as being an outsider, and possibly even socially inferior, part of him believes that Desdemona will believe that also and , thus, she will be unfaithful to him. Since Othello already has it in his

Dicrimination of diabetics in the work field Essay

Dicrimination of diabetics in the work field - Essay Example There are two major types of diabetes, Type 1 and Type 2. Type 2 diabetic, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is comparatively high among diabetes and caused because of insulin resistance, primarily owing to obesity, with insufficient production of insulin by the body. That means, the pancreas does not produce the required amount of insulin or the cells in the body do not respond to the insulin, or both. Type 1 diabetic, also called insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes, is caused by autoimmune damage of the beta cells of the pancreas which produce insulin. The food a person eats is broken down through the digestive process into glucose which then passes into the bloodstream and the hormone called insulin allows the glucose to enter in the cell for the normal metabolism the body. In normal person, the pancreas produces the right amount of insulin required for the body. But, if the person has diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond normally to the insulin. Glucose builds up in the blood, not able to enter in the cell because of insufficient or no insulin, flows into the urine and passes from the body unused. Therefore those patients need insulin from an out side source for the metabolism of the cell and in turn for survival (Health Encyclopedia, 2007). The cause of Juvenile Diabetes is basically one’s immune system that it not only protects from the attacks from an external virus but some time goes on to attack particular cells in the pancreas called beta cells which is responsible for the production of insulin. The function of the beta cells is to metabolize carbohydrate. Once this process is hampered, glucose begins to build up in the body leading to the process called acidosis and the body turns on its self yet again and starts eating its own cells. Since the beta cells in the pancreas are damaged due to immune system of the body, production of insulin is stopped,

Leadership And Management At Apple Corporation Management Essay

Leadership And Management At Apple Corporation Management Essay Those in management position must develop a leadership style. The selection of styles is contingent on the leaders personal traits. Ultimately, the leader has to select a style that will be most effective for the situation at hand. The general leadership style includes: autocratic, democratic, participative, and laissez faire. Autocratic leaders  tend to tells subordinates what to do and expect them to do it. The subordinates of an autocratic leader are not involved in decision making and have little if any autonomy. Democratic leaders  seek input from subordinates and do what the majority of subordinates want. Some argue that a democratic leader is more of a facilitator than a leader.  Participative leaders  tend to involve subordinates in leadership activities and decision making, but ultimately they retain final authority. A  laissez-faire leader  takes a hands-off approach to leadership, allowing subordinates to make decisions. The mantra of a laissez- faire leader is Hire good people and get out of their way. In this assignment I will focus on just one type the autocratic leadership style its strenghts and weakenesses and when to use this leadership style. To support that, I will also be writing about the Apple Corporation, which includes the CEO of the Corporation Steve Jobs leadership styles and the problems he face. Autocratic leadership Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. Staff and team members have little opportunity to make suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or the organizations best interest. Most people tend to resent being treated like this. Therefore, autocratic leadership usually leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. For some routine and unskilled jobs, the style can remain effective because the advantages of control may outweigh the disadvantages. Aurocratic leadership is a more traditional and classical approach to management relying upon threats and punishment to influence its employees. This style is often called the hard approach to leadership. This method, according to UT (2001) is effective for many reasons; When there is limited time to make a decision. -When there are new and untrained employees who do not know how to perform certain tasks. -When effective supervision can be provided only by orders and instruction. -When employees do not respond to other leadership styles. When work must be integrated with other departments. Mintzberg (1979) described situations in which an autocratic style was most applicable. Entrepreneurial organisations are normally smaller businesses which develop from the ideas and entrepreneurial spirit of one person. This person is responsible for their organisation and makes all the decisions the characteristics of an autocrat. The nature of these smaller organisations and the relative lack of formalisation mean that autocratic leadership is commonplace in this particular part of industry. Another situation where the autocratic leadership style proves appropriate is while doing group projects. Many group projects tend to fail because group members depend on each other to make decisions. Such situations demand the need of an authoritative leader who can make decisions for the group. The leader should determine the ways in which the project would be done, divide the job among the members, and also set a deadline for completion of the project. Though there have been cases where adopting an autocratic leadership style has led to the success of the company, it is very rare for such leaders to remain popular among the employees and workers. In a nut shell, it can be said that autocratic leadership can be accepted when the need arises, while a good leader would be a person who respects the opinions of his employees while making a decision. Autocratic leaders in the work place Autorcratic leadership in the work place will permit quick decisions, facilitates speedy implementation of plans, leaders are highly satisfied. It will also be effective when subordinates are less knowledgeable and experienced, and in case of extreme crises, this style may be the only solution. However some studies suggest that organizations with lots of autocratic leaders have higher turnover and absenteeism than other organizations.   With todays emphasis on joint decision making and empowerment, employees just entering the workforce will be highly resistant to this management style. So the autocratic leadership style should be not be used when you want to get your employees engaged in the decision making process.   Autocratic leaders are also not very effective in situations where your employees might become resentful or fearful. Finally, if your company is struggling with low morale or is interested in building employee relationships, an  autocratic leadership style  will only make things worse. The Apple Corporation Apple was launched successfully in 1976 by Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with the company initially growing at a tremendous rate -led by the Apple II and other state of the art computer products. In September 1997, Steve Jobs was appointed the interim CEO of leading information technology (IT) company, Apple Computers (Apple), by the Apple board. Considering the fact that the companys board itself had ousted Steve in a coup in 1983, this development was watched with interest by media and industry observers. Steves comeback was being seen as Apples desperate attempt to survive one of its worst phases: losses for 1997 amounted to $ 1.6 billion. The company reportedly needed a charismatic leader who could steer it back to profitability and revive its fortunes. Those who had followed Steves career graph over the decades were not too surprised at these developments. Steve made a successful business out of creating PCs that were not only user friendly but were also aesthetically pleasing, unlike the dull models available those days. Steves research on the Macintosh resulted in the creation of the windows interface and the mouse technology, which went on to become standards in the s oftware industry. Steve was named the Entrepreneur of the Decade in 1989 by Inc magazine. He was also placed 39th on the Advertising Age Top 100 Advertising People list. Internally Steve Jobs tends to be very authoritative, His decisions were made with minimal consultation, and his decisions were made quicker allowing him to respond to changes in the business environment more quickly. The Environmental changes which includes facing their competitors, such as Microsoft. On the other hand, because of his manipulative behavior he is considered by some of his employees as authoritative. His behavior and Autocratic style in meetings for instance is described as being rude, and obnoxious. Because of his quest for perfection he has domineering presence which makes some of the employees fear him. Figure 1.1 Apples Biggest Competitors remains to be the Microsoft Corporation. Although Bill Gates Leadership style was democratic and participative, Steve Jobs was autocratic and efficient in a way. His work is a demonstration of both innovation and creativity. He is responsible for the creation and release of the iPod and I Phones. Most people do not know this, but Apple Inc. put up overwhelming resistance when Jobs proposed the iPod idea. For Apple, that represents an impressive 250 percent revenue growth. And Due to Steves speedy decisions, Figure 1.1 shows that Apple could catch up with Microsoft as early as 2010 or 2011, given the current growth rates. Pros and Cons of Autocratic Leadership In fact we might not think there are a lot of good things to say about autocratic leaders. This style of leadership is often very stressful on fellow employees and makes the  work environment  itself not such a fun place to be.   But like all leadership styles, there is a time and a situation where the style is appropriate. style pros cons Autocratic Effective for theory X Workers Gives leader control over decisions Loses effectiveness over time Theory Y workers may not respond Does not develop future leaders Pros of Autocratic Leadership In the workplace, some conditions may simply call for urgent action, and in these cases an autocratic style of leadership may be best style to adopt. Surprisingly, most workers have already worked for an autocratic leader and therefore have little trouble adapting to that style. In fact, in times of stress or emergency some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style they prefer to be told exactly what to do.   So to summarize the autocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful, but very stressful during those times when the pressure is off the followers or coworkers. Steve Jobs in the Apple Corporation for instance preferred the autocratic style for quicker decision making and also control over his decisions. Steve Jobs is demanding both towards himself and towards his employees. His deadlines often seem impossible to meet, but is constantly moving, moving towards improvement in all spheres and fields of his work. Due to Steve Jobs high Autocratic leadership style, some ways Apple might be better off without Steve Jobs. But case in point, the rapid decisions and invention of such items as IPods, I Phones were very difficult and complex in implementation. Only an autocratic leader like Jobs could ever withstand the public outcry for such basic functionality. Cons of Autocratic Leadership The communication style of an autocratic leader is usually described as one way.   They tell you exactly what they want done.  The feedback you would get from this type of leader would generally be unplanned.  They would simply tell you when youve made a mistake. The decision making process is usually unilateral and they accomplish goals by directing people.   Now that might not sound like the type of leader youd follow. Although Steve Jobs way of leading autocratically will enable faster decisions to be made in the short term, but this will deprive subordinates of the opportunity to gain experience and start on their own leadership development, (Does not develop future leaders). The subordinates cannot learn from their mistakes, and the manager is actually de-skilling their workforce which will lead to poorer decisions and productivity in the long run. Figure 1.2 Apple Inc Vs Microsoft Company. How did Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Differ in their Leadership Style? Well, Bill gates leadership is participative style because he involves his subordinates in decision making. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Whenever needed, he bring professional managing and well structure of the organization. His motivating power and involving friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft. On the other hand, Steve Jobs leadership is autocratic style, because he centralizes the authority, he never given a chance to subordinates to involving decision making. He thinks that whatever he do is right. His relation with employees is not good; he fails to motivate them in many times. His conceited and self-satisfied attitude and lack of management skills became a threat of Apples success. Conclusion So, does an autocratic style of leadership always ensure organizational success? The simple answer is no. A style of leadership can never ensure success but what it can do is to aid that process and compel it into being a success. Autocratic styles of leadership are becoming less and less applicable but there are still many contexts in which they work. Entrepreneurial organizations especially in their early and formative years rely upon this style as without it there would be no conviction and effective decision making. Where it fails is in larger organizations where employees hold greater power and there is a more formalized culture. Democracy in decision making and involving them is a key to maintaining employee motivation which is vital for the productivity of the company. Leadership is action, not position.   Donald H. Mcgannon

Reinforcement and Employees Essay

Q3. What tools does Walmart use to motivate employees? How might a lack of motivation affect associates and how should managers respond? Give me a W! Give me an A! Give me an L! Give me a squiggly! Give me an M! Give an A! Give me an R! Give me a T! What’s that spell? Walmart! Whose Walmart is it? It’s my Walmart ! Who’s number one? The customer! Always! The good times continue at Walmart, and so do hard work and achievement. For many employees, seeing peers rewarded for a job well done proves highly motivational. Executives at Walmart refer to the company as one big family. There are no grunts or gophers –no employee, no matter how new, is thought of as low person on the totem. According to the company’s â€Å"open door† policy, all associates are encouraged to speak freely, share concerns, and express ideas for improving daily operations. In return, they can expect managers to treat all discussions fairly with an open mind. The policy is ri ght out of Walton’s playbook. â€Å"Listen to your associates,† Walton urged. â€Å"They’re the best idea generators.† The founder’s wisdom is routinely reaffirmed through the oft-repeated quote that â€Å"nothing constructive happens in Bentonville† – a reference to Walton headquarters. In Walton’s grass – roots ethic, local employees are the ones most likely to produce fresh ideas. One significant way managers can meet higher motivational needs is to shift power down from the top of organization and share it with employees to enable them to achieve goals. Empowerment is power sharing, the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization. Increasing employee motivation for task accomplishment because people improve their own effectiveness, choosing how to do a task and using their creativity. Empowerment is one way managers promote self- reinforcement and self- efficacy, as defined in the discussion of social learning. Empowering employees involves giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely accomplish their jobs: information knowledge, power, and rewards. First of all, employees receive information about company performance. In companies where employees are fully empowered, all employees have access to all financial and operational information. Secondly, employees have knowledge and skills to contribute to company goals. Companies use training programs and other development tools to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to organizational performance. The third motivation is employees have the power to make substantive decision. Empowered employees have the authority to directly influence work procedures and organizational performance, such as through quality circles or self- directed work teams. And last but not least, employees are rewarded based on company performance. Organizations that empower workers often reward them based on the results shown in the company’s bottom line. Organizations may also use other motivational compensation programs described in Exhibit 16.8 to tie employee efforts to company performance. Exhibit 16.8 Many of today’s organizations are implementing empowerment programs, but they are empowering workers to varying degrees. At some companies, empowerment means encouraging workers’ idea while managers retain final authority for decisions; at others it means giving employees almost complete freedom and power to make decisions and exercise initiative and imagination. Current methods of empowerment fall along a continuum, as illustrated in exhibit 16.9 . The continuum runs from situation in which front- line workers have almost no discretion, such as on a traditional assembly line, to full empowerment, where workers even participate in formulating organizational strategy. Exhibit 16.9 Perhaps the most important things managers can do to enhance organizational communication and dialogue can encourage people to communicate honestly with one another. Subordinates will feel free to transmit negative as well as positive message to managers without fear of retribution. Efforts to develop interpersonal skills among employees can also foster openness, honesty, and trust. Second, managers should develop and use formal communication channels in all direction. Scandinavian Designs uses two newsletters to reach employees. Dana Holding Corporation developed the â€Å"Here a Thought† board- called a HAT rack- to get ideas and feedback from workers. Other techniques include direct mail, bulletin boards, blogs, and employee surveys. Third, managers should encourage the use of multiple channels including both formal and informal communications. Multiple communication channels include written directives, face- to- face discussions, and the grapevine. For example, managers at GM’s Packard Electric plant use multimedia, including a monthly newspaper, frequent meeting of employees’ teams and an electronic news display in the cafeteria. Sending messages through multiple channels increases the likelihood that they will be properly received. Fourth, the structure should fit communication needs. An organization can be designed to use teams, task forces, project managers, or matrix structure as needed to facilitate the horizontal flow of information for coordination and problem solving. Structure should also reflect information need. When team or department task are difficult, a decentralized structure should be implemented to encourage discussion and participation. Empowerment is the process of distributing decision-making power throughout an organization. It is a process which enables employees to set personal work goals, make minor decisions and to solve conflicts by using their personal authority. Team Bonuses, in situations in which employees should cooperate with each other and isolating employee performance is more difficult, companies are increasingly resorting to tying employee pay to team performance. For example, in 2007, Wal-Mart gave bonuses to around 80% of their associates based on store performance. If empl oyees have a reasonable ability to influence their team’s performance level, these programs may be effective. One way Wal-Mart facilitates respect for an individual is through an open-door policy that allows employees of all levels to communicate with managers in higher levels of the company. This open-door policy is also a way of keeping unions from forming in the company. The philosophy is that when employees have avenues for expressing their complaints and problems, there will be no reason to have union representatives (Cray, 2000; Slater, 2003). However, people may question how effective this policy is, because employees still attempt to form unions. Walton also believed in the importance of having a clear flow of communication with his workers, claiming that the more information they received the harder they would work for him. â€Å"The more they know, the more they’ll understand,† he said. â€Å"The more they understand, the more they’ll care. Once they care, there’s no stopping them.† To Walton, the free flow of information between him and his worke rs demonstrated the trust and respect he had for them. Without that trust, Walton felt he could not succeed. â€Å"Information is power, and the gain you get from empowering your associates more than offsets the risk of informing your competitor,† he said. For Walton, the bottom line was to appreciate his workers and to make them feel valued. He knew that a paycheck and stock options alone would not guarantee loyalty or hard work. Instead, he realized the importance of making sure his workers knew they were appreciated. â€Å"Nothing else can quite substitute for a few well-chosen, well-timed, sincere words of praise,† he said. â€Å"They’re absolutely free – and worth a fortune.† By having motivated and loyal employees, Walton could then use them as his secret weapon. â€Å"The folks on the front lines – the ones who actually talk to the customer – are the only ones who really know what’s going on out there,† he said. By listening to his workers and their ideas, Walton could stay on top of his game; â€Å"This really is what total quality is about.† Listen to everyone in your practice/team. Obviously your team is a lot smaller than Wal-Mart, but Sam’s tactic of figu ring out ways to get â€Å"front line† people talking holds true for advisors. You can gain a lot of insight into your clients, and it will help strengthen relationships with support personnel. And yes, listen to your clients too. continuous communication is the most important thing to remember. Change usually causes fear about different things. Communication must be very open, honest and encouraging. It also has to cover all the parties involved in the change. Happy employees mean happy customers. Walton admitted that initially he was so stingy and did not give good pay to his employees. But eventually he realized that he should give a larger payment to his employees because they are considered as â€Å"business partners†. According to Walton, who treated the way management is the same business partner in a way that applied to the consumer. If the business partner treats their customers well then the consumer will come again and again therein lies the advantage and business success. Walton also often visited his shop and asked for their opinions, especially employees who are on the front lines, those who actually faced and talking with customers, as people who know the real situation on the ground. Management’s number one goal with their employees is to make working at Wal-Mart fun and rewarding. They even have their own cheer to boost associates morale and organizational spirit (Wal-Mart, 2008). â€Å"Who’s Wal-Mart? It is my Wal-Mart† (Wal-Mart, 2008). This is the type of leadership styles that all organizations need to use. This style makes employees want to come to work everyday and they feel secure knowing that they are working for a great organization. Wal-Mart is like one big family and like to make their associates feel like they are an important part of keeping the doors open for everyone. If Walmart this organization are lack of motivation it’ll affects associates also called employees. Lack of motivation equates to less work being accomplished. Productivity does not disappear; it is usually transferred to aspects not related to the organization’s work. Things like personal conversations, Internet surfing or taking longer lunches cost the organization time and money. Reduced productivity can be detrimental to an organization’s performance and future success. Low employee motivation could be due to decreased success of the organization, negative effects from the economy or drastic changes or uncertainty within the organization. No matter what the cause, having the reputation of having an unpleasant work environment due to low employee motivation will ultimately impact how existing and potential clients or partners view working with an organization. A reputation can precede an organization and dictate its future in the industry. The reinforcement approach employee motivation sidesteps the issue of employee needs and thinking processes described in the content and process theories. Reinforcement theory simply looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences. It focuses on changing or modifying employees’ on –the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments. Behavior modification is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior. The basic assumption underlying behavior modification is the law of effect, which states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated. Reinforcement is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited. The four reinforcement tools are positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, punishment, and extinction, as summarized in exhibit16.6 Positive reinforcement is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior, such as praise for an employee who arrives on time or does a little extra work. Research shows that positive reinforcement does help to improve performance. Moreover, nonfinancial reinforcement such as positive feedback, social recognition, and attention are just as effective as financial incentives. One study of employees at fast- food drive- thru windows, for example, found that performance feedback and supervisor recognition had a significant effect on increasing the incidence of â€Å"up- selling† or asking customers to increase their order. Montage Hotels &resorts, known for its culture of gracious yet humble service, uses a variety of employee recognition programs to positively reinforce employees for providing exceptional service. CEO Alan J. Fuerstman says â€Å"it’s simple psychology. People commit more acts of kindness when they are appreciated f or them.† Avoidance learning is the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved, theory encouraging and strengthening the desired behavior. Avoidance learning is sometimes called negative reinforcement. The idea is that people will change a specific behavior to avoid the undesired result that behavior provokes. As a simple example, a supervisor who constantly reminds or nags an employee who is goofing off on the factory floor and stops the nagging when the employee stops goofing off is applying avoidance learning. Punishment is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. Punishment typically occurs following undesirable behavior. For example, a supervisor may berate an employee for performing a task incorrectly. The supervisor expects that the negative outcome will serve as a punishment and reduce the likelihood of the behavior recurring. The use of punishment in organization is controversial and often criticized because it fails to indicate the correct behavior. However, almost all managers report that they find it necessary to occasionally impose forms of punishment ranging from verbal reprimands to employee suspensions or firings. Extinction is the withholding of a positive reward. Whereas with punishment, the supervisor imposes an unpleasant outcome such as a reprimand, extinction involves withholding praise or other positive outcomes. With extinction, undesirable behavior is essentially ignored. The idea is that behavior that is not positively reinforced will gradually disappear A New York Times reporter wrote a humorous article about how she learned to stop nagging and instead use reinforcement theory to shape her husband’s behavior after studying how professionals train animals. When her husband did something she liked such as throw a dirty shirt in the hamper, she would use positive reinforcement, thanking him or giving him a hug and a kiss. Undesirable behaviors, such as throwing dirty clothes on the floor, on the other hand, were simply ignored, applying the principle of extinction. Reward and punishment motivational practices based on the reinforcement theory dominate organizations. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, 84 percent of all companies in the United States offer some type of monetary or non- monetary reward system, and 69 percent offer incentive pay, such as bonuses, bases on an employee’s performance. However, in other studies, more than 80 percent of employers with incentive programs have reported that their programs are only somewhat successful or working at all. Despite the testimonies of organizations that enjoy successful incentive programs, criticism of these â€Å"carrot- and- stick† methods is growing, as discussed in the Manager’s Shoptalk. If rewards and motivation are failed to fulfill the employees the manager of Walmart should apply some positive reinforcement in order to safe the situation. Positive reinforcement is the practice of rewarding desirable employee behavior in order to strengthen that behavior. For example, when you praise an employee for doing a good job, you increase the likelihood of him/her doing that job very well again. Positive reinforcement both shapes behavior and enhances an employee’s self-image. Recognizing and rewarding desirable employee behavior is the essential key to motivating employees to work more productively. This method will reap many benefits, first it clearly defines and communicates expected behaviors and strengthens the connection between high performance and rewards. It reinforces an employee’s behavior immediately after learning a new technique and promotes quick, thorough learning. It motivates effective workers to continue to do good work. Lack of reinforcement leads to job dissatisfaction. It increases productivity by rewarding workers who conserve time and materials. Employees who are rewarded after they successfully perform feel self-confident and become eager to learn new techniques, take advanced training, and accept more re sponsibility. Rewarding employees who suggest improved work procedures will produce more innovation – if you create a relaxed work environment, reward new ideas and tolerate innovative failures. Employees who receive recognition for their achievements are more enthusiastic about their work, more cooperative, and more open to change. Besides that, when you show appreciation and reward employees for good work, you’ll be able to increase their job commitment and organizational loyalty. In conclusion, giving positive reinforcement does not mean that what is done incorrectly by an employee is to be ignored. Instead, it means to recognize what portion of the work was done correctly first, then follow-up with what can be done better the next time and why the performance or work result was not quite what was expected. If this means the manager must take some of the blame for not giving detailed instructions for the desired behavior or result, they should do so in an apologetic manner and then proceed to explain how the manager personally will try to do better. This is an excellent time for the manager to let the employee know they still have faith in them but need their help and cooperation by their asking questions if the manager’s instructions are not clear. This allows both the employee and manager to get better at communication, which results in improved task completion. Remember mangers need to give positive results first, then follow-up with what improvements are needed, apologize if necessary, and then reinforce what was done right again. When working the improvement or follow-up statement do not use the word â€Å"but† as this word often negates anything said before it and the employee may stop listening as they know a negative is coming next.